※Information in this section owes to the following books:

Jorden, Eleanor and Mari Noda, Japanese:  The Spoken Language (New Haven:  Yale University Press, 1987); Kitagawa, Chisato, Osamu Kamada, and Atsuo Iguhi, Joshi (Tokyo:  Aratake Shuppan, 1988); McClain, Yoko Matsuoka, Intermediate Japanese Reading AIDS Volume Two:  Particles, and Noun-Supporting Words and Expressions (Tokyo:  The Hokuseido Press, 1973); Makino, Seiichi and Michio Tsutsui, A Dictionary of Basic Japanage Grammar (Tokyo:  The Japan Times, 1986); Makino, Seiichi, Yukiko and Kazumi Hatasa, Nakama (Boston:  Houghton Mifflin, 1998); Maynard, Senko, An Introduction to Japanese Grammar and Communication Strategies (Tokyo:  The Japan Times, 1990); Simon, Mutsuko Endo, Supplementary Grammar Notes to An Introduction to Modern Japanese (Ann Arbor:  University of Michigan, 1986);Tosaku, Yasu-Hiko, Yookoso! (New York:  McGraw-Hill, 1994).