Applications: Air

(Updated in (8/08)

EMPIRICAL STUDIES

Atkinson, S. E. and D. H. Lewis (1974). "A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Alternative Air Quality Control Strategies." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 1(3): 237-250.

Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1982). "The Empirical Properties of Two Classes of Designs for Transferable Discharge Permit Markets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 9(2): 101-121.

Burtraw, D., D. A. Evans, et al. (2005). "Economics of Pollution Trading for SO2 and NOx." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30: 253-289.

Farrell, A., R. Carter, and R. Raufer (1999). "The NOx Budget: Market-Based Control of Tropospheric Ozone in the Northeastern United States" Resource and Energy Economics 21(2): 103-124.

Førsund, F. R. and E. Naevdal (1998). "Efficiency Gains Under Exchange-Rate Emission Trading." Environmental and Resource Economics 12(4): 403-423.

Klaassen, G., A. Nentjes, et al. (2005). "Testing the theory of emissions trading: Experimental evidence on alternative mechanisms for global carbon trading." Ecological Economics 53(1): 47-58.

Krupnick, A. J. (1986). "Costs of Alternative Policies for the Control of NO2 in the Baltimore Region." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13(2): 189-197.

Goulder, L. H., I. W. H. Parry, et al. (1999). "The Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative Instruments for Environmental Protection in a Second-Best Setting." Journal of Public Economics 72(3): 329-360.

Maloney, M. T. and B. Yandle (1984). "Estimation of the Cost of Air Pollution Control Regulation." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 11(3): 244-263.

McGartland, A. M. (1984). Marketable Permit Systems for Air Pollution Control: An EmpiricalStudy, University of Maryland.

McGartland, Albert, "A Comparison of Two Marketable Discharge Permits Systems," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 15 (1988), 35-44.

O'Ryan, R. E. (1996). "Cost-Effective Policies to Improve Urban Air Quality in Santiago, Chile." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 31(3): 302-313.

Paolella M. and Taschini L. (2008), "An Econometric Analysis of Emission Trading Allowances", forthcoming Journal of Banking and Finance. Available at: http://ssrn.com/author=605723

Roach, F., C. Kolstad, et al. (1981). "Alternative Air Quality Policy Options in the Four Corners Region." Southwestern Review 1(2): 29-58.

Seskin, E. P., R. J. Anderson, Jr., et al. (1983). "An Empirical Analysis of Economic Strategies for Controlling Air Pollution." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 10(2): 112-124.

Whalley, J. and R. Wigle (1991). "Cutting CO2 Emissions: The Effects of Alternative Policy Approaches." Energy Journal 12(1): 109-24.

LEAD

Kerr, S. and R. G. Newell (2003). "Policy-Induced Technology Adoption: Evidence from the U.S. Lead Phasedown." Journal of Industrial Economics 51: 317-343.

Kerr, S. and D. Maré (1997). Transactions Costs and Tradable Permits Markets: The United States Lead Phasedown, Eighth Annual Conference of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, Tilburg, Netherlands, June, 1997.

Nussbaum, B. D. (1992). Phasing Down Lead in Gasoline in the U.S.: Mandates, Incentives, Trading and Banking. Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. T. Jones and J. Corfee-Morlot. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Publication: 21-34.

U. S. Government Accounting Office (1986). EPA Program to Assist Leaded-Gasoline Producers Needs Prompt Improvement.

AVIATION

Cames, M. (2007). "Tankering strategies for evading emissions trading in aviation." Climate Policy 7(2): 104-120.

Forster, P. M. d. F., K. P. Shine, et al. (2006). "It is premature to include non-CO2 effects of aviation in emission trading schemes." Atmospheric Environment 40(6): 1117-1121.

OZONE DEPLETING GASES

Bohm, P. (1988). Economic Instruments for Reducing CFC Emissions. Copenhagen, Nordisk Ministerrad.

Hahn, R. W. and A. M. McGartland (1989). "The Political Economy of Instrument Choice: An Examination of the U. S. Role in Implementing the Montreal Protocol." Northwestern University Law Review 83(3): 592-611.

Lee, D. (1996). Trading pollution. Ozone Protection in the United States: Elements of Success. E. Cook. Washington, D. C., World Resources Institute: 31-38.

Palmer, A. R., W. E. Mooz, et al. (1980). Economic Implications of Regulating Chlorofluorocarbon Emissions from Nonaerosol Applications. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Shapiro, M. and E. Warhit (1983). "Marketable Permits: The Case of Chlorofluorocarbons." Natural Resource Journal 23(5): 577-591.

ACID RAIN

Ackerman, F. and W. Moomaw (1997). "Does SO2 Emissions Trading Work?" The Electricity Journal 10(7): 61-66.

Arimura, T. (2002). "An Empirical Study of the SO2 Allowance Market: Effects of PUC Regulations." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 44(2): 271-289.

Atkeson, E. (1997), "Joint Implementation: Lessons from Title IV's Voluntary Compliance Programs." (WP-97003) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, May 1997.

Atkinson, S. E. (1983). "Marketable Pollution Permits and Acid Rain Externalities." Canadian Journal of Economics 16(4): 704-722.

Bailey, E. M. (1996), "Allowance Trading Activity and State Regulatory Rulings: Evidence from the U.S. Acid Rain Program." (WP-96002) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, March 1996.

Bailey, P. and T. Jackson (1999). "Joint implementation for controlling sulphur in Europe and possible lessons for carbon dioxide.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 255-271.

Bernstein, M., A. Farrell, et al. (1992). "No Sale! What If States Restrict the Allowance Trading Market?" Public Utilities Fortnightly 130(9): 62-66.

Bernstein, M., A. Farrell, et al. (1994). "The Environment and Economics - The Impact of Restricting the SO2 Allowance Market." Energy Policy 22(9): 748-754.

Bohi, D. (1994). "Utilities and State Regulators: Are They Failing on Allowance Trading?" The Electricity Journal 7(2): 20-27.

Bohi, D. R. and D. Burtraw (1991). "Avoiding Regulatory Gridlock in the Acid Rain Program." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 10: 676-684.

Bohi, D. and D. Burtraw (1992). "Utility Investment Behavior and the Emission Trading Market." Resources and Energy 14(1/2): 129-156.

Bohi, D., and D. Burtraw (1997). "SO2 Allowance Trading: How do Expectations and Experience Measure Up." The Electricity Journal 10(7):

Brookshire, D. S. and H. S. Burness (2001). "The Informational Role of the EPA SO2 Permit Auction." Journal of Regulatory Economics 20(1): 43-60.

Burtraw, D. (1996). "The SO2 Emissions Trading Program: Cost Savings without Allowance Trades." Contemporary Economic Policy XIV(2): 79-94.

Burtraw, D. (1999). "Cost savings, market performance and economic benefits of the US Acid Rain Program.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 43-62.

Burtraw, D., A. Krupnick, et al. (1998). "Cost and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain." Contemporary Economic Policy XVI(4): 379-400.

Burtraw, Dallas, and Erin Mansur. 1999. "The Environmental Effects of SO2 Trading and Banking," Environmental Science and Technology, 33(20): 3489-3494.

Burtraw, Dallas, Alan J. Krupnick, Erin Mansur, David Austin and Deirdre Farrell, 1998."The Costs and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain," Contemporary Economic Policy, 16 (October), 379-400.

Burtraw, D., D. A. Evans, et al. (2005). "Economics of Pollution Trading for SO2 and NOx." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30: 253-289.

Carlson, Curtis, Dallas Burtraw, Maureen Cropper and Karen Palmer, 2000."SO2 Control by Electric Utilities: What are the Gains from Trade?", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 108, No. 6, 1292-1326

Cason, T. N. (1993). "Seller Incentive Properties of EPA's Emission Trading Auction." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 25(2): 177-95.

Cason, T. N. (1995). "An Experimental Investigation of the Seller Incentives in the EPA's Emission Trading Auction." The American Economic Review 85(4): 905-922.

Cason, T. N. and C. R. Plott (1996). "EPS's New Emissions Trading Mechanism: A Laboratory Evaluation." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 30(2): 133-160.

Chao, H.-P. and R. Wilson (1993). "Option Value of Emission Allowances." Journal of Regulatory Economics 5(3): 233-49.

Coggins, J. S. and V. H. Smith (1993). "Some Welfare Effects of Emission Allowance Trading in a Twice-Regulated Industry." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 25(3): 275-297.

Coggins, J. S. and J. R. Swinton (1996). "The Price Of Pollution - a Dual Approach to Valuing SO2 Allowances." Journal Of Environmental Economics and Management 30(1): 58-72.

Conrad, K. and R. E. Kohn (1996). "The US Market for SO2 Permits - Policy Implications of the Low Price and Trading Volume." Energy Policy 24(12): 1051-1059.

Corburn, J. (2001). "Emissions Trading and Environmental Justice:Distributive Fairness and the USA's Acid Rain Programme." Environmental Conservation 28(4): 323-332.

Dekkers, C. (1999). "Trading emissions and other economic instruments to reduce NOx in the Netherlands.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 109-123.

Dudek, D., J. Goffman, et al. (1997). "More Clean Air for the Buck: Lessons from the U.S. Acid Rain Emissions Trading Program." Environmental Defense Fund, September 1997.

Ellerman, A. D. (2002). "Designing a Tradable Permit System to Control SO2 Emissions in China: Principles and Practice." Energy Journal 23(2): 1-26.

Ellerman, A. Denny , et al., Markets for Clean Air: The U. S. Acid Rain Program (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Ellerman, A. D. and J. P. Montero (1998). "The Declining Trend in Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: Implications for Allowance Prices." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36(1): 26-45.

Ellerman, A. D., R. Schmalensee, et al. (1999). "Summary evaluation of the US SO2 emissions trading program as implemented in 1995." Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 27-42.

Environmental Law Institute (1997). "Implementing an Emissions Cap and Allowance Trading System for Greenhouse Gases: Lessons from the Acid Rain Program." Research Report, September 1997.

Feldman, S. L. and R. K. Raufer (1987). Emissions Trading and Acid Rain: Implementing a Market Approach to Pollution Control. Totowa, NJ, Rowman & Littlefield.

Førsund, F. R. and E. Nævdal (1994). Trading Sulfur Emissions in Europe. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 231-248.

Fullerton, D., S. McDermott, et al. (1997). "Sulfur Dioxide Compliance of a Regulated Utility." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 34(1): 32-53.

Godard, O. (1999). "Economic instruments and institutional constraints; possible schemes for SO2 emissions trading in the EU.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc: 272-298.

Hahn, R. W. and C. A. May (1994). "The Behavior of the Allowance Market: Theory and Evidence." The Electricity Journal 7(2): 28-37.

Hausker, K. (1990). "Coping with the Cap: How Auctions Can Help the Allowance Market Work." Public Utilities Fortnightly 125: 28-34.

Hausker, K. (1992). "The Politics and Economics of Auction Design in the Market for Sulfur Dioxide Pollution." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 11(4): 553-72.

Hoibye, G. (1999). "Designing a scheme for SO2 trading in Norway.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 101-108.

ICF Resources, I. (1989). Economic, Environmental, and Coal Market Impacts of SO2 Emissions Trading Under Alternative Acid Rain Control Proposals, Regulatory Innovations Staff, USEPA.

Jensen, J. and T. N. Rasmussen (2000). "Allocation of CO2 Emissions Permits: A General Equibilbrium Anaslysis of Policy Instruments." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 40(2): 111-136.

Joskow, P., R. Schmalensee, et al. (1996), "Auction Design and the Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions." (WP-96007) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, August 1996.

Joskow, P. L., R. Schmalensee, et al. (1998). "The Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions." The American Economic Review 88(4): 669-685.

Joskow, P. L. and R. Schmalensee (1998). "The Political Economy of Market-Based Environmental Policy: the U.S. Acid Rain Program." Journal of Law and Economics 41(1): 37-83.

Kete, N. (1992). The U.S. Acid Rain Control Allowance Trading System. Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. T. Jones and J. Corfee-Morlot. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Publication: 69-93.

Kete, N. (1994). Air Pollution Control in the United States: A Mixed Portfolio Approach. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 122-144.

Klaassen, G. (1994). Trading Sulfur Emission Permits in Europe Using an Exchange Rate. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models, and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. V. Ierland. New York, Elsevier: 307-332.

Klaassen, G. (1995). "Trade-Offs in Sulfur Emission Trading in Europe." Environmental and Resource Economics 5(2): 191-219.

Klaassen, G. (1996). Acid Rain and Environmental Degradation: The Economics of Emission Trading. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.

Klassen, G. (1999). "Emissions trading in the European Union: practice and prospects.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 83-100.

Klaassen, G. and Nentjes, A. (1997). "Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA" Environmental and Resource Economics 10(2):125-46.

Klaassen, G. and A. Nentjes (1997). "Sulfur Trading Under the 1990 CAAA in the US: An Assessment of First Experiences." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 153(2): 384-410.

Klaassen, G. and F. R. Førsund, Eds. (1994). Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Kline, J. a. F. M. (1999). "A Simple Analysis of the US Emission Permits Auctions." Economics Letters 65(2): 183-189.

Kruger, J., and M. Dean (1997), "Looking Back on SO2 Trading: What's Good for the Environment is Good for the Market." Public Utilities Fortnightly 135(15): 30-37.

Kruitwagen, S., H. Folmer, E. Hendrix, L. Hordijk, E. Van Ierland,(2000). "Trading Sulphur Emissions in Europe: 'Guided Bilateral Trade'" Environmental & Resource Economics 16(4): 423-441.

Kruitwagen, S., E. Hendrix, et al. (1994). Tradable SO2 Permits: Guided Bilateral Trade in Europe. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models, and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. V. Ierland. New York, Elsevier: 333-350.

Lile, R., D. Bohi, et al. (1997), "An Assessment of the EPA's SO2 Emission Allowance Tracking System." Resources for the Future, February 1997.

Loeb, A.P., "Addressing the Public's Goals for Environmental Regulation When Communicating Acid Rain Allowance Trades," The Electricity Journal, May 1995.

Maler, K.-G. (1989). The Acid Rain Game. Valuation Methods and Policy Making in Environmental Economics. H. Folmer and E. v. Ierland. Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers: 231-252.

McLean, B. J. (1997). "Evolution of marketable permits: The US experience with sulfur dioxide allowance trading." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 8(1-2): 19-36.

Menz, F. C. (1995). "Transborder Emissions Trading between Canada and the United States." Natural Resources Journal 35: 803-819.

Mitnick, S. A., K. Brown, et al. (1992). "Allowance Trading Today and Tomorrow: When Will It Really Get Started?" Electricity Journal 5: 62-71.

Montero, J. P. (1996). "Why are Allowance Prices So Low? An Analysis of the SO2 Emissions Trading Program." (WP-96001) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, February 1996.

Montero, J. P. (1997). "Optimal Design of a Phase-in Emissions Trading Program with Voluntary Compliance Options." (WP-97004) Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, MIT, July 1997.

Montero, J. P. (1997). Volunteering for Market-Based Environmental Regulation: The Substitution Provision for the SO2 Emissions Trading Program, Eighth Annual Conference of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists; Tilburg, Netherlands, June 1997.

Montero, J. P. (1999). "Voluntary Compliance with Market-Based Environmental Policy: Evidence from the U.S. Acid Rain Program" Journal of Political Economy, 107( 5): 998-1033.

Oates, W. E. and A. M. McGartland (1985). "Marketable Pollution Permits and Acid Rain Externalities: A Comment and Some Further Evidence." Canadian Journal of Economics 18(3): 668-675.

Pototschnig, A. (1994). Economic Instruments for the Control of Acid Rain in the UK. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 22-45.

Raufer, R. K. and S. L. Feldman (1984). "Emissions Trading and What it May Mean for Acid Deposition." Public Utilities Fortnightly 114(4): 17-25.

Rico, R. (1995). "The U. S. Allowance Trading System for Sulfur Dioxide: An Update on Market Experience." Environmental and Resource Economics 5(2): 115-129.

Rodriguez, F. (1999). "Joint Implementation Under the Second Sulfur Protocol: Analysis and Simulation." Environmental & Resource Economics 13(2): 143-168.

Rose, K. J. (1995). "Twelve Common Myths of Allowance Trading: Improving the Level of Discussion." The Electricity Journal 8: 64-69.

Rose, K. J. (1997). Implementing an Emissions Trading Program in an Economically RegulatedIndustry: Lessons from the SO2 Trading Program. Market-Based Approaches To Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 101-136.

Rosenberg, W. G. (1997). An Insider's View of the SO2 Allowance Trading Legislation. Market-Based Approaches To Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 95-100.

Schennach, S. M. (2000). "The Economics of Pollution Permit Banking in the Context of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 40(3): 189-210.

Schmalensee, R., P. R. Joskow, et al. (1998). "An Interim Evaluation of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Trading." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(3): 53-68.

Schwarze, R. and P. Zapfel. (2000). "Sulfur Allowance Trading and the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market: A Comparative Design Analysis of Two Major Cap-and-Trade Permit Programs?" Environmental Resource Economics 17(3): 279-298.

Scott, A. (1986). "The Canadian-American Problem of Acid Rain." Natural Resources Journal 26: 337-

Solomon, B. D. (1994). "SO2 Allowance Trading: What Rules Apply?" Public Utilities Fortnightly 22-25.

Solomon, B. D. (1998). "Five years of interstate SO2 allowance trading: geographic patterns and potential cost savings." The Electricity Journal 11(4): 58-70.

Solomon, B. D. and K. Rose (1992). "Making a market for SO2 emissions trading." The Electricity Journal 5(6): 58-66.

Stavins, R. N. (1998). "What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(3): 69-88.

Svendsen, G. T. (1998). Public Choice and Environmental Regulation: Tradable Permit System in the United States and CO2 Taxation in Europe. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.

Svendsen, G. T. and J. L. Christensen (1999). "The US SO2 Auction: Analysis and Generalization." Energy Economics 21(5): 403-416.

Swift, B. (2001). "How Environmental Laws Work: An Analysis of the Utility Sector's Response to Regulation of Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Dioxide Under the Clean Air Act." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 14(2): 309-425.

Taylor, M., Rubin E., and Hounshell, D. (2005), "Regulation as the Mother of Invention:  The Case of SO2 Control," Law & Policy 27(2): 348-78

Tietenberg, T. H. (1989). "Acid Rain Reduction Credits." Challenge 32(2): 25-29.

Tschirhart, J. and S.-Y. Wen (1999). "Tradable Allowances in a Restructing Electric Industry." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 38(2): 195-214.

U.S. General Accounting Office (1997). "Air Pollution: Overview and Issues on Emissions Allowance Trading Programs." Statement by Peter Guerrero, testimony before the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress (GAO/T-RCED-97-183), July 9, 1997.

Winebrake, J. J., A. E. Farrell, et al. (1995). "The Clean Air Act's Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Market: Estimating the Costs of Regulatory and Legislative Intervention." Resource and Energy Economics 17(3): 239-260.

Winebrake, J. J., M. A. Bernstein, et al. (1995). "Estimating the Impacts of Restrictions on Utility Participation in the SO2 Allowance Market." The Electricity Journal 8: 50-54.

EUROPEAN UNION

(2003). "The EU emissions trading scheme (ETS): how linked to JI/CDM?" Climate Policy 3(1): 89-94.

(2006). "Experts demand the exemption of small plants from CO2 trading - KRdL expert forum, Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn/Germany (14.03.2006)." Zkg International 59(5): 30-31.

Aiba, T. and T. Saijo (2003). The Kyoto protocol and global environmental strategies of the EU, the USA, and Japan: A perspective from Japan. International Frameworks and Technological Strategies to Prevent Climate Change. T. Sawa: 22-44.

Anger, N. (2008). "Emissions trading beyond Europe: Linking schemes in a post-Kyoto world." Energy Economics 30(4): 2028-2049.

Anger, N. and U. Oberndorfer (2008). "Firm performance and employment in the EU emissions trading scheme: An empirical assessment for Germany." Energy Policy 36(1): 12-22.

Armenteros, M. F. and A. Michaelowa (2003). "Joint implementation and EU accession countries." Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions 13(4): 269-275.

Barton, J. R. (2006). "Urban sustainability as strategic planning." Eure-Revista Latinoamericana De Estudios Urbano Regionales 32(96): 27-45.

Bode, S. (2005). Emissions Trading schemes in EuropeL linking the EU Emissions Trading Scheme with national programs. Emissions Trading for Climate Policy. B. Hansjürgens. New York, Cambridge University Press: 199-221.

Bode, S. (2006). "Multi-period emissions trading in the electricity sector - winners and losers." Energy Policy 34(6): 680-691.

Boemare, C. and P. Quirion (2002). "Implementing Greenhouse Gas Trading in Europe: Lessons from Economic Literature and International Experiences." Ecological Economics 43(2-3): 213-230.

Böhringer, C. and A. Lange (2005). "Mission Impossible !? On the Harmonization of National Allocation Plans under the EU Emissions Trading Directive." Journal of Regulatory Economics 27(1): 81-94.

Böhringer, C. et al. (2006). "The efficiency costs of separating carbon markets under the EU emissions trading scheme: a quantitative assessment for Germany" Energy Economics, 2006, 28, (1), 44-61.

Choi, I. (2005). "Global Climate Change and the use of Economic Approaches: The Ideal Design Features of Domestic Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading with an Analysis of the European Union's CO2 Emissions Trading Directive and the Climate Stewardship Act." Natural Resources Journal 45(4): 865-952.

Christiansen, A. C. and J. Wettestad (2003). "The EU as a Frontrunner on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: How did it Happen and will the EU Succeed?" Climate Policy 3(1): 3-18.

Christiansen, A. C., A. Arvanitakis, et al. (2005). "Price Determinants in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Climate Policy 5: 15-30.

Delarue, E., H. Lamberts, et al. (2007). "Simulating greenhouse gas (GHG) allowance cost and GHG emission reduction in Western Europe." Energy 32(8): 1299-1309.

Delay, T. (2006). "Emissions trading & competitiveness - Allocations, incentives and industrial competitiveness under the eu emissions trading scheme - Preface." Climate Policy 6(1): 5-6.

Demailly, D. and P. Quirion (2006). "CO2 abatement, competitiveness and leakage in the European cement industry under the EU ETS: grandfathering versus output-based allocation." Climate Policy 6(1): 93-113.

Demailly, D. and P. Quirion (2008). "European Emission Trading Scheme and competitiveness: A case study on the iron and steel industry." Energy Economics 30(4): 2009-2027.

Dutschke, M., B. Schlamadinger, et al. (2005). "Value and Risks of Expiring Carbon Credits from Afforestation and Reforestation Projects under the CDM." Climate Policy 5: 109-125.

Egenhofer, C. (2007). "The Making of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme:: Status, Prospects and Implications for Business." European Management Journal 25(6): 453-463.

Ehrhart, K.-M., C. Hoppe, et al. (2005). "The Role of Auctions and Forward Markets in the EU ETS: Counterbalancing the Cost-Inefficiencies of Combining Generous Allocation with a Ban on Banking." Climate Policy 5: 31-46.

Grubb, M., C. Azar, et al. (2005). "Allowance Allocation in the European Emissions Trading System: A Commentary." Climate Policy 5: 127-136.

Grubb, M. and K. Neuhoff (2006). "Allocation and competitiveness in the EU emissions trading scheme: policy overview." Climate Policy 6(1): 7-30.

Jepma, C. J. (2003). "The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS): How linked to JI/CDM?" Climate Policy 3(1): 89-94.

Johnston, A. (2006). "Free allocation of allowances under the EU emissions trading scheme: legal issues." Climate Policy 6(1): 115-136.

Kallbekken, S. (2005). "The Cost of Sectoral Differentiation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme." Climate Policy 5: 47-60.

Kara, M., S. Syri, et al. (2008). "The impacts of EU CO2 emissions trading on electricity markets and electricity consumers in Finland." Energy Economics 30(2): 193-211.

Laurikka, H. and T. Koljonen (2006). "Emissions trading and investment decisions in the power sector--a case study in Finland." Energy Policy 34(9): 1063-1074.

Linares, P., F. J. Santos, et al. (2006). "Impacts of the European Emissions Trading Scheme Directive and Permit Assignment Methods on the Spanish Electricity Sector." Energy Journal 27(1): 79-98.

Laroui, F., E. Tellegen, et al. (2004). "Joint implementation in energy between the EU and Russia Outlook and potential." Energy Policy 32(7): 899-914.

Mandell, S. (2005). "The Choice of Multiple or Single Auctions in Emissions Trading." Climate Policy 5: 97-107.

Martinez, K. K. and K. Neuhoff (2005). "Allocation of Carbon Emission Certificates in the Power Sector: How Generators Profit from Grandfatherd Rights." Climate Policy 5: 61-78.

Michaelowa, A. and S. Butzengeiger (2005). "EU Emissions Trading: Navigating between Scylla and Charybis." Climate Policy 5: 1-9.

Neuhoff, K., K. K. Martinez, et al. (2006). "Allocation, incentives and distortions: The impact of EU ETS emissions allowance allocations to the electricity sector." Climate Policy 6(1): 73-91.

Rodi, M. (2005). Legal aspects of the European Emissions Trading Scheme. Emissions Trading for Climate Policy. B. Hansjürgens. New York, Cambridge University Press: 177-198.

Schleich, J., K. M. Ehrhart, et al. (2006). "Banning banking in EU emissions trading?" Energy Policy 34(1): 112-120.

Sijm, J. (2005). "The Interaction between the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and National Energy Policies." Climate Policy 5: 79-96.

Sijm, J., K. Neuhoff, et al. (2006). "CO2 cost pass-through and windfall profits in the power sector." Climate Policy 6(1): 49-72.

Smale, R., M. Hartley, et al. (2006). "The impact of CO2 emissions trading on firm profits and market prices." Climate Policy 6(1): 31-48.

Springer, Urs, "Can the Risks of the Kyoto Mechanisms Be Reduced through Portfolio Diversification? Evidence from the Swedish AIJ Program" Environmental and Resource Economics 25, No. 4 (2003): 501-513.

Springer, Urs, "The Market for Tradable GHG Permits under the Kyoto Protocol: A Survey of Model Studies" Energy Economics Vol. 25, No. 5 (2003): 527-551.

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Skea, J. (1999). "Flexibility, emissions trading and the Kyoto Protocol.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc: 354-380.

Smith, A. and S. Sorrell (2001). "Interaction Between Environmental Policy Instruments: Carbon Emissions Trading and Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 15(1): 22-41.

Solomon, B. D. (1995). "Global CO2 emissions trading: Early lessons from the US acid rain program." Climatic Change 30(1): 75-96.

Solomon, B. D. and Q. S. Ji (2002). "Local Emissions Trading in Developing Countries as a Transitional Strategy toward International Greenhouse Gas Yrading: A Beijing-Example." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 18(6): 521-540.

Sonneborn, C. L. (1999). "An Overview of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Pilot Schemes and Activities." Ecological Economics 31(1): 1-10.

Springer, U. (2003). "The Market for Tradable GHG Permits under the Kyoto Protocol: A Survey of Model Studies." Energy Economics 25(5): 527-551.

Springer, U. and M. Varilek (2004). "Estimating the price of tradable permits for greenhouse gas emissions in 2008-12." Energy Policy 32(5): 611-621.

Stavins, Robert N. (1997). "Policy Instruments for Climate Change: How Can National Governments Address a Global Problem?" The University of Chicago Legal Forum : 293-329.

Stavins, R. N. (2005). Implications of the US experience with market-based environment strategies for future climate policy. Emissions Trading for Climate Policy. B. Hansjürgens. New York, Cambridge University Press: 63-77.

Stavins, R. and R. Hahn (1993). Trading in Greenhouse Permits: A Critical Examination of Design and Implementation Issues. Cambridge, MA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.

Stephan, G. and G. Müller-Fürstenberger (2004). "Does Distribution Matter? Efficiency, Equity and Flexibility in Greenhouse Gas Abatement." Environmental and Resource Economics 27: 87-104.

Stevens, B. and A. Rose (2002). "A Dynamic Analysis of the Marketable Permits Approach to Global Warming Policy: A Comparison of Spatial and Temporal Flexibility." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 44(1): 45-69.

Svendsen, G. T. (1998). Public Choice and Environmental Regulation: Tradable Permits Sytems in the United States and CO2 Taxation in Europe (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar)

Svendsen, G.T. and J.L. Christensen (1999). "The US SO2 Auction: Analysis and Generalization." Energy Economics 38(2):158-175

Svendsen, G. T. (2003). The Political Economy of the European Union: Institutions, Policy and Economic Growth. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar.

Swart, R. (1992). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: Defining the Commodity. Climate Change: Designing a Tradable Permit System. T. Jones and J. Corfee-Morlot. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Publication: 137-166.

Tietenberg, T. (1992). Relevant Experience with Tradable Permits. Combating Global Warming: Study on a Global System of Tradable Carbon Emission Entitlements. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. New York, United Nations: 37-54.

Tietenberg, T. (1994). Implementation Issues for Global Tradable Carbon Entitlements. International Environmental Economics: Theories, Models and Applications to Climate Change, International Trade and Acidification. E. C. van Ierland. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Tietenberg, T. and D. Victor (1994). Possible Administrative Structures and Procedures. Combating Global Warming: Possible Rules, Regulations and Administrative Arrangements for a Global Market In CO2 Emission Entitlements . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. New York, United Nations: 1-60.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1998). "Economic Analysis and Climate Change." Environment and Development Economics 3(3): 402-405.

Tietenberg, T., M. Grubb, et al. (1999).International Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading: Defining the Principles, Modalitites, Rules and Guidelines for Verification, Reporting and Accountability. Geneva. United Nations. UNCTAD/GDS/GFSB/Misc.6

Trexler, M. C. and L. H. Kosloff (2006). "Selling Carbon Neutrality." The Environmental Forum 23(2): 34-39.

Truong, T. P. (2003). Global Warming and Emission Trading. Handbook of Transport and the Environment. D. A. Hensher and K. J. Button. New York, Elsevier Science Ltd: 615-631.

Tucker, M. (2001). "Trading Carbon Tradable Offsets under Kyoto's Clean Development Mechanism: the Economic Advantages to Buyers and Sellers of Using Call Options." Ecological Economics 37(2): 173-182.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (1992). Combating Global Warming: Study on a Global System of Tradable Carbon Emission Entitlements. New York, United Nations.

Vaillancourt, K., R. Loulou, et al. (2008). "The role of abatement costs in GHG permit allocations: A global stabilization scenario analysis." Environmental Modeling & Assessment 13(2): 169-179.

 VanVliet, O. P. R., A. P. C. Faaij, et al. (2003). "Forestry projects under the clean development mechanism? Modelling of the uncertainties in carbon mitigation and related costs of plantation forestry projects." Climatic Change 61(1-2): 123-156.

Victor, D. G. (1991). "Limits of Market-Based Strategies for Slowing Global Warming: The Case of Tradable Permits." Policy Sciences 24(2): 199-222.

Victor, D. G. and J. C. House (2006). "BP's Emissions Trading System." Energy Policy 34(15): 2100-2112.

Vohringer, F., T. Kuosmanen, et al. (2006). "How to Attribute Market Leakage to CDM projects." Climate Policy 5(5): 503-516.

Vollenbergh, H. R. J., J. L. D. Vries, et al. (1997). "Hybrid Carbon Incentive Mechanisms and Political Acceptability."Environmental and Resource Economics 9(1): 43-63.

Westkog, H. (1996). "Market Power in a System of Tradable CO2 Quotas." The Energy Journal 17: 85-103.

Westskog, H. (2000). "Intertemporal Flexibility in a Tradeable CO2 Quota System." Environment and Development Economics 5(3): 203-220.

Westskog, H. (2002). "Why Should Emissions Trading be Restricted?" Climate Policy 2(1): 97-103.

Whalley, J. and R. Wigle (1991). "Cutting CO2 Emissions: The Effects of Alternative Policy Approaches."Energy Journal 12(1): 109-24.

Whitesell, W. (2007). "Carbon taxes, cap-and-trade administration, and US legislation." Climate Policy 7(5): 457-462.

Wiener, J. B. (1999). "Global Environmental Regulation: Instrument Choice in Legal Context." Yale Law Journal 108(4): 677-800.

Wiener, J. B. (1999). "On the Political Economy of Global Environmental Regulation." The Georgetown Law Journal 87(3): 749-794.

Wirl, F., C. Huber, et al. (1998). "Joint Implementation: Strategic Reactions and Possible Remedies." Environmental and Resource Economics 12(2): 203-224.

Wiser, Glenn (1997). "Joint Implementation: Incentives for Private Sector Mitigation of Global Climate Change" Georgetown International Law Review 9(3): 747.

Woerdman, E. (2000). "Implementing the Kyoto Protocol: Why JI and CDM Show More Promise than International Emissions Trading." Energy Policy 28(1): 29-38.

Woerdman, E. (2000) "Organizing Emissions Trading: The Barrier of Domestic Permit Allocation" Energy Policy 28(9): 613-623.

Woerdman, Edwin, The  Institutional Economics of Market-Based Climate Policy (New York: Elsevier,2004)

Youngman, R., J. Schmidt, et al. (2007). "Evaluating technology transfer in the Clean Development Mechanism and Joint Implementation." Climate Policy 7(6): 488-499.

Zeuli, K. and J. Skees (2000). "Will Southern Agriculture Play a Role in a Carbon Market?" 32(32): 235-48.

Zhang, Z. X. (1998). "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading and the World Trading System." Journal of World Trade 32(5): 219-239.

Zhang, Z. X. (1999). "Should the Rules of Allocating Emissions Permits Be Harmonized?" Ecological Economics 31(1): 11-18.

Zhang, Z. X. (1999). "International Greenhouse Gas emissions Trading: Who Should be Held Liable for the Non-compliance by Sellers?" Ecological Economics 31(3): 323-329.

Zhang, Z. X. (2000). "Can China Afford to Commit Itself an Emissions Cap? An Economic and Political Analysis." Energy Economics 22(6): 587-614.

Zhang, Z. (2000). "Estimating the Size of the Potential Market for the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 136(3): 491-521.

Zhang, Z. X. and A. Nentjes (1999). "International Tradable Carbon Permits as a Strong Form of Joint Implementation.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc: 322-342.

Zhang, Z.X. (2000), "The Design and Implementation of an International Trading Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emissions" Environment and Planning C - Government and Policy 18(3): 321-337.

Zhang, Z. X. (2001). "An Assessment of the EU Proposal for Ceilings on the Use of Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms." Ecological Economics 37(1): 53-69.

Zhao, X. S. and A. Michaelowa (2006). "CDM Potential for Rural Transition in China Case Study: Options in Yinzhou District, Zhejiang province." Energy Policy 34(14): 1867-1882.

STATE AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES (RECLAIM, ETC.)

Bae, C. H. C. (1997). "The Equity Impact of Los Angeles' Air Quality Policies" Environment and Planning 29 (9): 1563-84.

Bogdonoff, S. and J. Rubin (2007). "The regional greenhouse gas initiative - Taking action in Maine." Environment 49(2): 8-16.

Burtraw, Dallas, Karen Palmer, Ranjit Bharvirkar, and Anthony Paul, 2001. "Cost-Effective Reduction of NOX Emissions from Electricity Generation," Journal of Air & Waste Management, 51: 1476-1489.

Cohen, N. J. (1993). "Emissions Trading and Air Toxics Emissions: RECLAIM and Toxics Regulation in the South Coast Air Basin." UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 11(2): 255-95.

Dwyer, J. P. (1993). "The Use of Market Incentives in Controlling Air Pollution - California Market Permits Program." Ecology Law Quarterly 20(1): 103-117.

Egelston, A. and M. J. Cohen (2005). "California RECLAIM's market failure: lessons for the Kyoto Protocol." Climate Policy 4(4): 427-442.

Evans, D. A. and J. A. Kruger (2007). "Where are the sky's limits? Lessons from Chicago's cap-and-trade program." Environment 49(2): 18-32.

Farrell, A., R. Carter, and R. Raufer (1999). "The NOx Budget: Market-Based Control of Tropospheric Ozone in the Northeastern United States" Resource and Energy Economics 21(2): 103-124.

Farrell, Alex (2000). The NOx Budget: A Look at the First Year. Electricity Journal. March: 83-92.

Farrell, A. (2001). "Multi-lateral Emission Trading: Lessons from Inter-state NOx Control in the United States." Energy Policy 29(13): 1061-1072.

Foster, V. and R. W. Hahn (1995). "Designing More Efficient Markets: Lessons from Los Angeles Smog Control." Journal of Law and Economics 38(1): 19-48.

Fromm, O. and B. Hansjurgens (1996). "Emission Trading in Theory and Practice: An Analysis of RECLAIM in Southern California." Environment and Planning C - Government and Policy 14(3): 367-384.

Gangadharan, L. (1997). Transactions Costs in Tradable Emissions Markets: An Empirical Study of the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, University of Southern California Working Paper.

Gangadharan, L. (2004). "Analysis of Prices in Tradable Emission Markets: an Empirical Study of the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market in Los Angeles." Applied Economics 36(14): 1569-1582.

Goldenberg, E. (1993). "The Design of an Emissions Permit Market for RECLAIM: A Holistic Approach." UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy 11(2): 297-328.

Hagem, C. and H. Westkog (1998). "The Design of a Dynamic Tradable Quota System under Market Imperfections." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 36(1): 89-107.

Harrison, D. J. (1999). "Turning theory into practice for emissions trading in the Los Angeles air basin.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 63-82.

Ishikida, T., J. Ledyard, et al. (2001). "Experimental Testbedding of a Pollution Trading System: Southern California's RECLAIM Emissions Market". Research In Experimental Economics. 8: 185-220.

Johnson, S. L. and D. M. Pekelney (1996). "Economic-Assessment Of the Regional Clean-Air Incentives Market - a New Emissions Trading Program For Los-Angeles." Land Economics 72(3): 277-297.

Kanerva, R. A. and R. F. Kosobud (1997). Development of an Emissions Reduction Market System for Northeastern Illinois. Market-Based Approaches To Environmental Policy: Regulatory Innovations to the Fore. R. F. Kosobud and J. M. Zimmerman. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold: 61-82.

Klier, T., R. Mattoon, et al. (1997). "A Mixed Bag: Assessment of Market Performance and Firm Trading Behavior in the NOX RECLAIM Programme." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 40(6): 751-774.

Kosobud, R. F., H. H. Stokes, et al. (2006). Cost-Effective Control of Urban Smog: the Significance of the Chicago Cap-and-Trade Approach. New York, Routledge.

Lejano, R. P. and R. Hirose (2005). "Testing the assumptions behind emissions trading in non-market goods: the RECLAIM program in Southern California." Environmental Science & Policy 8(4): 367-377.

Lents, J. M. and P. Leyden (1996). "RECLAIM: Los Angeles' new market-based smog cleanup program." Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 46(3): 195-206.

Robinson, K. (1993). The Regional Economic Impacts of Marketable Permit Programs: The Case of Los Angeles. Cost-Effective Control of Urban Smog. R. F. Kosobud, W. A. Testa and D. A. Hanson. Chicago, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago: 166-88.

Robinson, S., S. Subramanian, et al. (1994). Modeling Air Pollution Abatement in a Market-Based Incentive Framework for the Los Angeles Basin. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 46-72.

Shannon, D. (1995). "Illinois to Establish VOC Emissions Trading Market." Environmental Science and Technology 29(6): A252.

Solomon, B. D. and H. S. Gorman (1998). "State-level air emissions trading: the Michigan and Illinois models." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 48(11).

Thompson, D. B. (2000). "Political Obstacles to the Implementation of Emissions Markets: Lessons from RECLAIM." Natural Resources Journal 40(3): 645-697.

Wang, L. L., T. Thompson, et al. (2007). "Photochemical modeling of emissions trading of highly reactive volatile organic compounds in Houston, Texas. 2. Incorporation of chlorine emissions." Environmental Science & Technology 41(7): 2103-2107.

Wang, L. L., T. Thompson, et al. (2007). "Photochemical modeling of emissions trading of highly reactive volatile organic compounds in Houston, Texas. 1. Reactivity based trading and potential for ozone hot spot formation." Environmental Science & Technology 41(7): 2095-2102.

Zerlauth, A. and U. Schubert (1999). "Air Quality Management Systems in Urban Regions: An Analysis of RECLAIM in Los Angeles and its Transferability to Vienna." Cities 16(4): 269-283.

MOBILE SOURCES

Alberini, A., W. Harrington, et al. (1995). "Determinants of Participation in Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Programs." Rand Journal of Economics 26(1): 93-112.

Alberini, A., W. Harrington, et al. (1996). "Estimating a Supply Function from Accelerated Retirement Programs." Review of Economics and Statistics 78(2): 251-65.

Albrecht, J. (2000). "The Diffusion of Cleaner Vehicles in CO2 Emission Trading Designs." Transportation Research Part D - Transport and Environment 5(5): 385-401.

Albrecht, J. A. E. (2000). "Making CO2 Emission Trading More Effective: Integrating Cross-Sectoral Energy Efficiency Opportunities." Transportation Research, Part D5 : 385-401.

Ang, B. W. (1992). "Restraining Automobile Ownership and Usage and Transportation Energy Demand: The Case of Singapore." Journal of Energy and Development 17(2): 263-78.

Boyd, J. D. (1993). Mobile Source Emissions Reduction Credits as a Cost-Effective Measure for Controlling Urban Air Pollution. Cost-Effective Control of Urban Smog. R. F. Kosobud, W. A. Testa and D. A. Hanson. Chicago, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago: 149-57.

Dudek, D., J. Goffman, et al. (1992). Mobile Emissions Reduction Crediting. New York, Environmental Defense Fund and General Motors.

Goddard, H. C. (1997). "Optimal Restrictions on Vehicle Use for Urban Sustainability for Mexico City." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 7(3): 357-374.

Goddard, H. (1997). "Using Tradable Permits to Achieve Sustainability in the World's Large Cities." Environmental and Resource Economics 10(1): 63-99.

Kling, C. L. (1994). "Emission Trading vs. Rigid Regulations in the Control of Vehicle Emissions." Land Economics 70(2): 174-188.

Nagurney, A. (2000). "Alternative Pollution Permit Systems for Transportation Networks Based on Origin/Destination Pairs and Paths." Transportation. Research: Part D: Transportation and the Environment 5(1): 37-58.

Nagurney, A., P. Ramanujam and K.K. Dhanda (1998). "A Multimodal Traffic Network Equilibrium Model with Emission Pollution Permits: Compliance vs. Noncompliance." Transportation. Research: Part D: Transportation and the Environment. 3(5): 349-74.

Nagurney, A. and D. Zhang (2001). "Dynamics of a Transportation Pollution Permit System with Stability Analysis and Computations." Transportation. Research: Part D: Transportation and the Environment 6(4): 243-68.

Rubin, J. and C. Kling (1993). "An Emission Saved Is an Emission Earned: An Empirical Studyof Emission Banking for Light-Duty Vehicle Manufacturers." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 25(3): 257-274.

Westskog, H. (2000). "Intertemporal Flexibility in a Tradeable CO2 Quota System." 5(3): 203-220.

SPATIAL ISSUES AND TRADING RULES

Atkinson, S. E. (1994). Tradable Discharge Permits: Restrictions on Least Cost Solutions. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 3-21.

Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1987). "Economic Implications of Emission Trading Rules for Local and Regional Pollutants." Canadian Journal of Economics 20(2): 370-86.

Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1991). "Market Failure in Incentive-Based Regulation: The Case of Emissions Trading." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 21(1): 17-31.

Atkinson, S. E. and B. B. J. Morton (2004). "Determining the Cost-effective Size of an Emission Trading Region for Achieving an Ambient Standard." Resource and Energy Economics 26(3): 295-315.

Burtraw, D. (1994). Agency in International Pollution Permit Trading. Economic Instruments for Air Pollution Control. G. Klaassen and F. R. Førsund. Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers: 249-274.

Burtraw, D., K. W. Harrison, et al. (1998). "Improving Efficiency in Bilateral Emission Trading" Environmental and Resource Economics 11(1): 19-33.

Cason, T. N. and L. Gangadharan (1998). "An Experimental Study of Electronic Bulletin Board Trading for Emission Permits." Journal of Regulatory Economics 14(1): 55-73.

Dutschke, M., S. Butzengeiger, et al. (2006). "A Spatial Approach to Baseline and Leakage in CDM Forest Carbon Sinks Projects." Climate Policy 5(5): 517-530.

Krumm, R. and D. Wellsich (1995). "On the Efficiency of Environmental Instruments in a Spatial Economy." Environmental and Resource Economics 6(1): 87-98.

Krupnick, A. J., W. E. Oates, et al. (1983). "On Marketable Air Pollution Permits: The Case for a System of Pollution Offsets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 10(3): 233-247.

McGartland, A. M. and W. E. Oates (1985). "Marketable Permits for the Prevention of Environmental Deterioration." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 12(3): 207-228.

Naughton, M. (1994). "Establishing Interstate Markets for Emission Trading of Ozone Precursors." New York University Environmental Law Journal 3: 195-249.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1995). "Tradable Permits for Pollution Control When Emission Location Matters: What Have We Learned?" Environmental and Resource Economics 5(2): 95-113.

Wiener, J. (2004). "Hormesis, Hotspots and Emissions Trading." Human & Experimental Toxicology 23(6): 289-3101.

FINANCIAL BURDEN

Atkinson, S. E. and T. H. Tietenberg (1984). "Approaches for Reaching Ambient Standards in Non-Attainment Areas: Financial Burden and Efficiency Considerations." Land Economics 60(2): 148-159.

Grafton, R. Q. and R. A. Devlin (1996). "Paying for Pollution: Permits and Charges." Scandanavian Journal of Economics 98(2): 275-288.

IMPLEMENTATION EXPERIENCE

Ben-David, S., D. Brookshire, et al. (1999). "Heterogeneity, Irreversible Production Choices, and Efficiency in Emissions Permit Markets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 38(2): 176-194.

Bodily, S. E. and H. L. Gabel (1982). “A New Job for Businessmen: Managing the Company's Environmental Resources.” Sloan Management Review 23(4): 3-18.

Boyd, R. (2007). "Emissions trading principles and practice." Energy Journal 28(2): 180-182.

Carlin, A. (1992). The United States Experience With Economic Incentives to Control Environmental Pollution. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Committee for Economic Development (1993). What Price Clean Air? A Market Approach to Energy and Environmental Policy. Washington, DC, Committee for Economic Development.

Cros, C. (1999). "Public policy and institutional trajectories: what about introducing SO2 emissions trading inFrance?". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 154-169.

del Calvo y Gonzales, J. A. (1981). "Markets in Air: Problems and Prospects of Controlled Trading."Harvard Environmental Law Review 5: 377-430.

Devlin, R. A. and R. Q. Grafton (1996). "Marketable Emission Permits - Efficiency, Profitability and Substitutability." Canadian Journal Of Economics 29(SI): S260-S264.

Dudek, D. J. and J. Palmisano (1988). "Emissions Trading: Why is this Thoroughbred Hobbled?" Columbia Journal of Environmental Law 13(2): 217-56.

Farrell, A., R. Carter, and R. Raufer (1999). "The NOx Budget: Market-Based Control of Tropospheric Ozone in the Northeastern United States" Resource and Energy Economics 21(2): 103-124.

Farrell, A. (2000). "The NOx Budget: A Look at the First Year." Electricity Journal: 83-92.

Farrell, A. (2001). "Multi-Lateral Emission Trading: Lessons from Inter-state NOx Control in the United States." Energy Policy 29(13): 1061-1072.

Farrell, Alexander B. and Lester B. Lave ( 2004) "Emission Trading and Public Health" Annual Review of Public Health 25:119-38.

Freeman, J. and C. Kolstad, Eds. (2007). Moving to Markets: Lessons from Twenty Years of Experience. New York, Oxford University Press.

Hahn, R. W. and G. L. Hester (1989). "Marketable Permits: Lessons from Theory and Practice." Ecology Law Quarterly 16: 361-406.

Hahn, R. W. and G. L. Hester (1989). "Where Did All the Markets Go? An Analysis of EPA's Emission Trading Program." Yale Journal of Regulation 6(1): 109-153.

Hall, J. V. and A. L. Walton (1996). "A Case Study in Pollution Markets: Dismal Science vs. Dismal Reality." Contemporary Economic Policy XIV(2): 67-78.

Hanley, N., S. Hallett, et al. (1990). "Research Policy Review 33: Why Is More Notice Not Taken of Economists' Prescriptions for the Control of Pollution?" Environment and Planning A 22(11): 1421-1439.

Harrison, D. J. (1999). Ch. II-- Tradable Permits for Air Pollution Control: the US Experience. Implementing Domestic Tradable Permits for Environmental Protection. OECD, Organisation for Econmic Co-Operation and Development.

Jeanrenaud, C. (1999). Obstacles to Implementation. Implementing Domestic Tradable Permits for Environmental Protection. OECD, Organasation for Economic Co-Operation and Development: 167-182.

Joskow, P. L., R. Schmalensee, et al. (1998). "The Market for Sulfur Dioxide Emissions." The American Economic Review 88(4): 669-685.

Klaassen, G. and A. Nentjes (1997). "Creating Markets for Air Pollution Control in Europe and the USA." Environmental & Resource Economics 10(2): 125-146.

Kling, C. L. (1994). "Environmental Benefits from Marketable Discharge Permits or an Ecological vs. Economical Perspective on Marketable Permits." Ecological Economics 11(1): 57-64.

Kosobud, R. F., H. H. Stokes, et al. (2006). Cost-Effective Control of Urban Smog: the Significance of the Chicago Cap-and-Trade Approach. New York, Routledge

Levin, M. H. (1982). Getting There: Implementing the 'Bubble' Policy. Social Regulation: Strategies for Reform. E. Bardarch and R. A. Kagan. San Francisco, California, ICS Press.

Levin, M. H. (1985). "Statutes and Stopping Points: Building a Better Bubble at E.P.A." Regulation 9(3): 33-42.

Liroff, R. A. (1980). Air Pollution Offsets: Trading, Selling and Banking. Washington, D.C., Conservation Foundation.

Liroff, R. A. (1986). Reforming Air Pollution Regulation: The Toil and Trouble of EPA's Bubble. Washington D.C., Conservation Foundation.

McCann, R. J. (1996). "Environmental Commodities Markets: 'Messy' versus 'Ideal' Worlds." Contemporary Economic Policy 14(3): 85-97.

Meidinger, E. E. (1985). "On Explaining the Development of 'Emissions Trading' in U. S. Air Pollution Regulation." Law and Policy 7(4): 447-480.

Muller, R. A. and S. Mestelman (1998). "What Have We Learned from Emissions Trading Experiments?" Managerial and Decision Economics 19(4-5): 225-38.

National Academy of Public Administration (1994). The Environment Goes to Market: The Implementation of Economic Incentives for Pollution Control. Washington, D.C., National Academy of Public Administration.

OECD (1989). Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection. Paris, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Pelkeny, D. M. (1993). "Emissions Trading: Applications to Water and Air Quality." Pollution Prevention Review 3: 139-48.

Scharer, B. (1999). "Tradable emission permits in German clean air policy: considerations on the efficiency on environmental policy instruments.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 141-153.

Schreiner, P. (1999). Obstacles to the Implementation of Tradable Permits: the Case of Norway. Implementing Domestic Tradable Permits for Environmental Protection. OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development: 127-145.

Seroa Da Motta, R., G. D. Liebcap, et al. (1999). "Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Policymaking in Latin America and the Caribbean: Lessons from Eleven Countries." Environment and Development Economics 4(2): 177-201.

Sorrell, S. (1999). "Why sulphur trading failed in the UK.". Pollution for Sale: Emissions Trading and Joint Implementation. S. Sorrell and J. Skea. Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: 170-210.

Stavins, R. N. (1998). "What Can We Learn from the Grand Policy Experiment? Lessons from SO2 Allowance Trading." The Journal of Economic Perspectives 12(3): 69-88.

Steedman, J. (1999). The Case of the UK: Sulphur Permit Quota Switching. Implementing Domestic Tradable Permits for Environmental Protection. OECD, Organasation for Economic Co-Operation and Development: 183-195.

Svendsen, G. T. (1998). Public Choice and Environmental Regulation: Tradable Permits Sytems in the United States and CO2 Taxation in Europe (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar)

Svendsen, G. T. (1999). "US Interest Groups Prefer Emission Trading: A New Perspective." Public Choice 101(1-2): 109-128.

Thompson, D. B. (2000). "Political Obstacles to the Implementation of Emissions Markets: Lessons from RECLAIM." Natural Resources Journal 40(3): 645-697.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1985). Emissions Trading: An Exercise in Reforming Pollution Policy. Washington, DC, Resources for the Future.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1986). Uncommon Sense: The Program to Reform Pollution Control Policy. Regulatory Reform: What Actually Happened. L. W. Weiss and M. W. Klass. Boston, Little Brown and Company: 269-303.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1989). Marketable Permits in the U.S.: A Decade of Experience. Public Finance and the Performance of Enterprises. K. W. Roskamp. Detroit, MI, Wayne State University Press: 261-277.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1990). "Economic Instruments for Environmental Regulation." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 6(1): 17-33.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1992). Relevant Experience with Tradable Permits. Combatting Global Warming: Study on a Global System of Tradable Carbon Emission Entitlements. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. New York, United Nations: 37-54.

Tietenberg, T. H. (1998). "Ethical Influences on the Evolution of the US Tradable Permit Approach to Pollution Control." Ecological Economics 24(2-3): 241-257.

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