Topic Area: Solid Waste Management
Geographic Area: New York
Focal Question: How do various solid waste programs affect
recycling efforts?
Source:
(1) Reschovsky, J. D. And S. E. Stone, "Market Incentives To
Encourage Household Waste Recycling: Paying For What You Throw Away"
Journal Of Policy Analysis And Management Vol. 13, No. 1
(1994): 120-39.
Reviewer: Nancy L. Zierman, Colby College '96
Review:
Solid waste management may consist of a number of different programs.
In some cases, the burden is placed on the industries rather than the
consumers. This study consists of various programs to increase the
incentives to recycle. With an emphasis on quantity based pricing,
this study does look at other programs and their successes.
Waste disposal is a good example of a market failure as it is
typically funded by lump sum taxes or flat payments. This type of
funding provides no incentive to produce less waste because the
marginal cost of waste disposal is zero. Households will typically
chose the method of lowest cost (including the opportunity costs of
their time and effort). The cost structure of waste disposal can be
changed in a number of ways. Drop-off sites and curbside recycling
decrease the cost of recycling for households. Whereas mandatory
recycling and quantity based pricing increase the cost of disposal.
Compliance of mandatory recycling depends on making recycling easy
for households. When the cost structure of recycling is changed to
increase the cost of disposal and decrease the cost of recycling, the
probability of recycling is greater.
Quantity based pricing programs increase the marginal cost of
disposal thus creating economic incentives to recycle. However, some
potential problems with quantity based pricing do exist. It is
anticipated that illegal forms of waste disposal, such as dumping and
burning, would occur with a greater regularity. What price to charge
per container of waste must also be determined. If the price is too
high, a greater likelihood of burning or dumping would result. It is
difficult to determine who is practicing such illegal methods of
waste disposal which makes enforcement difficult. Another potential
problem is that the revenue is hard to predict. Predicting the
revenue is necessary when it is earmarked for the funding of the
solid waste or recycling programs.
Quantity based pricing is not feasible when there are common
receptacles. The use of common receptacles such as a dumpster at an
apartment or office building is a problem for two reasons. First, it
would be hard to determine which trash belongs to which person who
lives in an apartment and has a common receptacle. Second,
individuals that do not live where there is a common receptacle, may
chose to place their trash in the dumpsters at apartment or office
buildings. This issue is different from pure dumping of trash because
the waste is being collected properly, but the individuals are not
paying for the collection.
This study was conducted in Tompson County in upstate New York which
includes Ithaca (population of about 28,000) as the largest community
in the area. Tompson County offers various combinations of waste
disposal programs. This variety allows us to compare different
programs. The three predominant combinations of policies are curbside
pick up only, mandatory recycling only, and mandatory recycling along
with trash tags. The tags cost $0.70 each and are not applicable for
those individuals using common receptacles.
The study consists of a survey of randomly sampled individuals in
this primarily rural setting. The survey asked numerous questions
concerning the waste management programs in addition to demographic
information. The findings show that married households report a
greater likelihood of recycling. In addition, more educated
individuals generally reported a greater likelihood to recycle.
Individuals are also more likely to recycle if they have knowledge of
the availability of a drop-off center. The responses to this
information question may however be biased. Whereas people who are
concerned about environmental issues and waste management are more
likely to know about recycling programs and drop-off centers
available to them.
The results of the various programs are as follows. The most
effective policy combination included both mandatory recycling and
curbside pickup. Use of this combination increased the probability of
recycling newspaper and glass by 22-37% relative to drop-off centers
alone. Communities which had a combination of curbside recycling and
quantity based pricing displayed an increase in recycling of glass
(27%), plastic (36%), and cardboard (58%). Areas with mandatory
recycling, curbside collection and trash tags found an increase in
recycling of newspaper (23%) and glass (37%). The issue of burning
and dumping is considered to be a problem primarily at the beginning
of a quantity based pricing system. These various programs in which
the cost structure of waste disposal is changed have proven to
provide incentives in order to increase recycling.
In conclusion, these programs do increase the likelihood of recycling
by changing the costs of both recycling and waste disposal. Quantity
based pricing causes individuals to experience the marginal costs of
trash disposal. Marginal cost pricing is much more effective than
flat fee pricing because it creates incentives for individuals to
recycle. However individuals are also more likely to recycle when the
costs of recycling are reduced by providing curbside recycling. The
combination of such programs have the greatest probability of
decreasing the quantity of solid waste.